关于对《公路运输管理暂行条例》第二十条意见的函
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关于对《公路运输管理暂行条例》第二十条意见的函
关于对《公路运输管理暂行条例》第二十条意见的函
1995年4月18日，交通部
辽宁省交通厅：
你厅《关于解释〈公路运输管理暂行条例〉第二十条含义的请求》收悉，经研究，现函复如下：
根据《公路运输管理暂行条例》第二十条的规定，公路客运（旅游）班车的线路、站点、班次的审批属交通主管部门的行业管理，不涉及其他部门。但客运班车经过城市的行驶路线、站点设置涉及交通安全、规划管理的交通主管部门应分别同交通安全主管部门、城市规划主管部门进行协商。
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论分公司的当事人能力
黄奕新
一、问题
甲公司的分公司A，作为建设单位，与作为施工单位的乙公司的分公司B，签定建设施工合同，后在合同效力或履行上发生争执，建设方欲起诉施工方。问：双方的当事人及诉讼请求，应当如何列明及表述？
二、分析
本文的“分公司”是指按照公司法第十四条规定，由公司设立的、依法向公司登记机关申请登记并领取营业执照的非法人其他组织。实践中，有些分公司，名为分公司，却没有经依法登记并领取营业执照；而另有些分公司，名为分公司，却领取有企业法人营业执照，如某某此国有企业的全资子公司，均非本文所谓分公司。
本文的“当事人能力”是指依法能够担当诉讼当事人(原告、被告或第三人)、并享有诉讼权利或承担诉讼义务的资格。
本案诉讼的标的应定为：施工合同关系项下之权利和义务。
笔者首先认为，分公司，只要具备公司法上分公司的资质，其都具有与公司平等的民事主体和诉讼当事人地位，而不问其民事责任是否最终由公司承担，也不问分公司与总公司内部行政隶属和管理关系如何。
（一）甲方如主张乙公司为施工合同当事人有利于原告并有确实充分证据，可将乙公司列为第一被告，并列其分公司B为第二被告。
本案中，B分公司与A分公司签订施工合同，如有经乙公司授权，甲方如有确实充分证据证据其是基于对乙公司为合同相对人的信赖基础上，与B分公司签订并履行施工合同，甲方则可主张乙公司乃实际承包人，列其乙公司为被告，提起给付之诉（也可能并有施工合同效力的确认之诉），自不当言。
而列B分公司为共同被告的法理依据在于：首先，其为施工合同的名义承包人，可能会对本案诉讼标的主张有独立的请求权。因为实际经济活动中，分公司往往是承包出去的，公司往往只是基于“出借”或“出租”资质的利益考虑，公司与分公司的关系，并非像法律所期待的那种内设机构的状态，而是分属不同甚至对立的利益体。其次，不论其是否主张，原告应当让其参加诉讼，使其其辩论的机会，否则，原告对乙公司诉讼的裁判的效力，将无法及于B分公司，B分公司将可能另行以自己名义提起诉讼，这对原告将是讼累。
应当指出的是，原告对B分公司的诉讼，实际上属对本案诉讼标的（施工合同关系项下之权利和义务）归属的确认之诉。由于这一诉讼与上述乙公司的诉讼，本于同一施工合同之事实，故可以合并。
那么，本案诉讼请求得表述为：
（1）确认本案施工合同的实际承包人为乙公司而非其分公司B。
（2）确认施工合同有效或无效。
（3）乙公司给付原告。。。。。。。
（二）甲方如主张B分公司为施工合同当事人有利于原告，可将B分公司列为第一被告，并列乙公司为第二被告。
B分公司为讼争合同的签约人，列其为被告，自不当言。
而列乙公司为共同被告的法理依据在于：首先，根据公司法的第14条（旧公司法为第13条）规定，分公司不具有法人资格，其民事责任由公司承担。对公司的诉讼，不是基于施工合同，而是基于公司法上的诉因。避免裁判生效后还要申请追加执行总公司。2、在有的情形下，乙公司也可能选择主张其是实际承包人，分公司也可能选择主张其只是名义承包人。因为，如前所述，实际经济活动中，分公司往往是承包出去的，公司往往只是基于“出借”或“出租”资质的利益考虑，公司与分公司的关系，并非像法律所期待的那种内设机构的状态，而是分属不同甚至对立的利益体。其次，令乙公司参加诉讼，使其有辩论的机会，这样，对施工合同关系裁判的效力将及于乙公司，避免乙公司另行以自己名义提起诉讼。
在这一问题上，最高人民法院民二庭吴庆宝法官曾认为，“在小额诉讼中，尽管分公司为被告，只要得到公司的授权或者认可，分公司管理的财产又足以承担民事责任时，不需将公司列为共同被告。只有当债权数额巨大或者较大时分公司管理的财产不足以承担民事责任，或者所产生的争议较为复杂，超出了分公司处置的权限时，应当将公司列为共同被告。除小额诉讼案件之外，分公司应将公司章程以及对公司授权的额度、权限范围向人民法院提交证据以便人民法院对是否追加公司为共同被告做出适当的选择。”笔者不赞同这种观点，因为既然公司法上述规定并没有附加有关诉讼标的金额方面的限制，是否选择在诉讼阶段就向乙公司主张权利，就应当属于原告的诉讼权利（虽然原告如不在诉讼阶段提起，在裁判生效后仍可申请追加执行）。至于，乙公司如认为小额诉讼无关紧要，或信任其分公司B，可以选择不进行答辩和出庭辩论。只有在原告不列总公司为被告下，分公司才有权“将公司章程以及对公司授权的额度、权限范围向人民法院提交证据”申请追加总公司为被告，申请追加是分公司B的诉讼权利而非义务。况且，在实在法依据方面，吴庆宝法官的这一观点应当是在新公司法出台前，新公司法在这点上仍坚持原来的表述，并没有附加任何限制条件，这也说明，吴庆宝法官的观点并没被新公司法为采纳，至少是没有被其明确采纳。
吴庆宝法官还认为，“在将公司列为共同被告时应当考虑只要合同是由分公司签定的，或者侵害后果是由分公司工作人员在履行职务时造成的，就应当首先判定分公司以其经营管理的公司资产承担民事责任，并判决由公司对分公司所造成的民事后果共同承担民事责任，而不是一种补充性的民事责任。”在这点，笔者完全赞同。分公司不具有法人资格，公司应对其债务承担无限连带责任。如认补充责任，实际上限制了总公司的责任范围，侵害了原告的利益。而且强制执行时，不好认定分公司是否无财产可供执行。此外，在实在法依据方面，虽然最高人民法院关于企业法人的一个分支机构已无财产法院能否执行该企业法人其他分支机构财产问题的复函，有补充责任的精神，但这一复函已被废止，这也佐证了吴庆宝法官和笔者的观点。
那么，本案诉讼请求得表述为：
（1）确认施工合同有效或无效。
（2）B分公司给付原告。。。。。。。
（3）乙公司对上述给付共同承担责任。
（三）实务中的变通处理方法
实践中，原告出于对分公司资信和偿债能力的担忧，往往希望列公司为被告。但，原告如无确实充分证据以资认定施工合同的签订和履行是基于乙公司的授权，并且原告是基于此种信赖才与B分公司签订和履行施工合同，原告如以本文第（一）方面所述，列明被告和表述诉讼请求，则有可能被法院驳回起诉或诉讼请求的可能，届时虽然可以对B分公司和乙公司，按本文第（二）方面列明被告和表述诉讼请求，另行提起诉讼，但造成讼累，并有时效风险。故为避免诉讼风险，原告可以考虑对诉讼请求，不作上述明确的区分，而笼统地表述为：
（一）确认施工合同有效或无效。
（二）总公司与分公司共同给付原告。。。。。
在诉讼过程中，待法官对法律关系的性质认定后，再适时变更。
（四）关于原告的资格
A分公司是施工合同的签约人，如在合同履行中也实际给付或受领了相对人的给付，应当认为其具有本案诉讼利益，可以单独作为原告走诉。至于甲公司是否共同起诉，由其自行决定。被告可以申请法院通知甲公司，要求其就是否作为原告参加诉讼，书面声明。甲公司选择不参加的，应在裁判中述明。则本案裁判的效力将及于甲公司，甲公司不得事后另行起诉。
同时，要注意，公司法第十四条的规定，分公司不具有法人资格，其民事责任由公司承担。该条虽只规定责任，但依权利义务相一致的通理，也可以自然推出，分公司的民事权利由公司享有。其次，根据判决既判力扩张的原理，A分公司属为甲公司而为原告，A公司与被告方的确定判决，对于甲公司亦有效力。甲公司即使未选择参加诉讼，亦可直接以自己名义申请强制执行该判决，被告方对其清偿的，同时免除对A分公司的债务。（参见台湾地区民事诉讼法第401条：确定判决，除当事人外，对于诉讼系属后为当事人之继受人者，及为当事人或其继受人占有请求之标的物者，亦有效力。对于为他人而为原告或被告者之确定判决，对于该他人亦有效力。台湾地区强制执行法第4-2条：执行名义为确定终局判决者，除当事人外，对于左列之人亦有效力：一、诉讼系属后为当事人之继受人及为当事人或其继受人占有请求之标的物者。二、为他人而为原告或被告者之该他人及诉讼系属后为该他人之继受人，及为该他人或其继受人占有请求之标的物者。）
作者单位：福建省高级人民法院
国务院
中华人民共和国民用航空器适航管理条例(附英文)
1987年5月4日，国务院
第一条 为保障民用航空安全，维护公众利益，促进民用航空事业的发展，特制定本条例。
第二条 在中华人民共和国境内从事民用航空器（含航空发动机和螺旋桨，下同）的设计、生产、使用和维修的单位或者个人，向中华人民共和国出口民用航空器的单位或者个人，以及在中华人民共和国境外维修在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器的单位或者个人，均须遵守本条例。
第三条 民用航空器的适航管理，是根据国家的有关规定，对民用航空器的设计、生产、使用和维修，实施以确保飞行安全为目的的技术鉴定和监督。
第四条 民用航空器的适航管理由中国民用航空局（以下简称民航局）负责。
第五条 民用航空器的适航管理，必须执行规定的适航标准和程序。
第六条 任何单位或者个人设计民用航空器，应当持航空工业部对该设计项目的审核批准文件，向民航局申请型号合格证。民航局接受型号合格证申请后，应当按照规定进行型号合格审定；审定合格的，颁发型号合格证。
第七条 任何单位或者个人生产民用航空器，应当具有必要的生产能力，并应当持本条例第六条规定的型号合格证，经航空工业部同意后，向民航局申请生产许可证。民航局接受生产许可证申请后，应当按照规定进行生产许可审定；审定合格的，颁发生产许可证，并按照规定颁发适航证。
任何单位或者个人未按照前款规定取得生产许可证的，均不得生产民用航空器。但本条例第八条规定的除外。
第八条 任何单位或者个人未取得生产许可证，但因特殊需要，申请生产民用航空器的，须经民航局批准。
按照前款规定生产的民用航空器，须经民航局逐一审查合格后，颁发适航证。
第九条 民用航空器必须具有民航局颁发的适航证，方可飞行。
民航局颁发的适航证应当规定该民用航空器所适用的活动类别、证书的有效期限及安全所需的其他条件和限制。
第十条 持有民用航空器生产许可证的单位生产的民用航空器，经国务院有关主管部门批准需要出口时，由民航局签发出口适航证。
第十一条 在中华人民共和国境内飞行的民用航空器必须具有国籍登记证。在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器，具有中华人民共和国国籍，国籍登记证由民航局颁发。民用航空器取得国籍登记证后，必须按照规定在该民用航空器的外表标明国籍登记识别标志。
第十二条 中华人民共和国的任何单位或者个人进口外国生产的任何型号的民用航空器，如系首次进口并用于民用航空活动时，出口民用航空器的单位或者个人必须向民航局申请型号审查。民航局接受申请后，应当按照规定对该型号民用航空器进行型号审查；审查合格的，颁发准予进口的型号认可证书。
第十三条 中华人民共和国的任何单位或者个人租用的外国民用航空器，必须经民航局对其原登记国颁发的适航证审查认可或者另行颁发适航证后，方可飞行。
第十四条 任何单位或者个人的民用航空器取得适航证以后，必须按照民航局的有关规定和适航指令，使用和维修民用航空器，保证其始终处于持续适航状态。
第十五条 加装或者改装已取得适航证的民用航空器，必须经民航局批准，涉及的重要部件、附件必须经民航局审定。
第十六条 中华人民共和国境内和境外任何维修单位或者个人，承担在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器的维修业务的，必须向民航局申请维修许可证，经民航局对其维修设施、技术人员、质量管理系统审查合格，并颁发维修许可证后，方可从事批准范围内的维修业务活动。
第十七条 负责维修并放行在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器的维修技术人员，必须向民航局提出申请，经民航局或者其授权单位考核合格并取得维修人员执照或者相应的证明文件后，方可从事民用航空器的维修并放行工作。
第十八条 民用航空器的适航审查应当收取费用。收费办法由民航局会同财政部制定。
第十九条 民航局有权对生产、使用、维修民用航空器的单位或者个人以及取得适航证的民用航空器进行定期检查或者抽查；经检查与抽查不合格的，民航局除按照本条例的有关规定对其处罚外，还可吊销其有关证件。
第二十条 使用民用航空器进行飞行活动的任何单位或者个人有下列情形之一的，民航局有权责令其停止飞行，并视情节轻重，处以罚款：
一、民用航空器未取得适航证的；
二、民用航空器适航证已经失效的；
三、使用民用航空器超越适航证规定范围的。
第二十一条 维修民用航空器的单位或者个人，有下列情形之一的，民航局有权责令其停止维修业务或者吊销其维修许可证，并视情节轻重，处以罚款：
一、未取得维修许可证，擅自承接维修业务的；
二、超过维修许可证规定的业务范围，承接维修业务的；
三、由未取得维修人员执照的人员负责民用航空器的维修并放行的。
第二十二条 任何单位或者个人违反本条例第七条规定，擅自生产民用航空器的，民航局有权责令其停止生产，并视情节轻重，处以罚款。
第二十三条 按照本条例受到处罚的单位的上级主管机关，应当根据民航局的建议对受罚单位的主要负责人或者直接责任人员给予行政处分；情节严重，构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十四条 民航局因适航管理工作的过失造成人身伤亡或者重大财产损失的，应当承担赔偿责任，并对直接责任人员给予行政处分；直接责任人员的行为构成犯罪的，由司法机关依追究刑事责任。
第二十五条 民航局从事适航管理的工作人员，利用职务之便营私舞弊的，应当给予行政处分；情节严重，构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十六条 任何单位或者个人对民航局作出的罚款决定不服的，可以在接到罚款通知书之日起十五日内向民航局提请复议，也可以直接向人民法院起诉；期满不提请复议也不起诉又不执行的，民航局可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十七条 民航局应当在广泛征求航空工业部及各有关部门意见的基础上，制定本条例的实施细则及有关技术标准。
第二十八条 本条例由民航局负责解释。
第二十九条 本条例自一九八七年六月一日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE ADMINISTRA-TION OF THE AIRWORTHINESS OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE ADMINISTRA-
TION OF THE AIRWORTHINESS OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT
(Promulgated by the State Council on May 4, 1987)
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of ensuring safety in
civil aviation, protecting public interests and promoting the development
of civil aviation undertakings.
Article 2
All units or individuals that are engaged in the designing, manufacturing,
use and maintenance of civil aircraft (including aircraft engines and
propellers, and the same hereinafter) within the People's Republic of
China, all units or individuals that export civil aircraft to the People's
Republic of China, and all units or individuals that perform outside the
People's Republic of China maintenance services to aircraft registered in
the People's Republic of China shall abide by these Regulations.
Article 3
The administration of the airworthiness of civil aircraft denotes the
technical appraisal and supervision exercised in accordance with the
pertinent provisions of the State over the designing, manufacturing, use
and maintenance of civil aircraft for the purpose of ensuring safety in
flight.
Article 4
The Civil Aviation Administration of China (hereinafter referred to as the
"CAAC") shall be responsible for the administration of the airworthiness
of civil aircraft.
Article 5
The administration of the airworthiness of civil aircraft shall be
exercised in accordance with the prescribed airworthiness criteria and
procedures.
Article 6
Any units or individuals that intend to design civil aircraft shall, on
the strength of the document issued by the Ministry of Aeronautic Industry
for the examination and approval of the design project, apply to the CAAC
for a Certificate of Up-to-Standard Model. The CAAC shall, after receipt
of the application therefor, conduct the examination and appraisal, in
accordance with the relevant provisions, as to whether the model to be
designed is up to standard and, if the model is proved to be up to
standard, a Certificate of Up-to-Standard Model shall be issued.
Article 7
Any units or individuals that intend to manufacture civil aircraft shall
have the necessary manufacturing capacity and shall, on the strength of
the Certificate of Up-to-Standard Model as prescribed in Article 6 of
these Regulations and with the consent of the Ministry of Aeronautic
Industry, apply to the CAAC for a Manufacturing Permit. The CAAC shall,
after receipt of the application therefor, conduct examination and
appraisal, in accordance with the relevant provisions, as to whether the
applicants are qualified to obtain a Manufacturing Permit, if they are
proved to be qualified, a Manufacturing Permit shall be issued to them,
together with an Airworthiness Certificate to be issued in accordance with
the relevant provisions.
No units or individuals that have not obtained a Manufacturing Permit in
accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph may manufacture
civil aircraft, except as otherwise prescribed in the provisions of
Article 8 of these Regulations.
Article 8
Any units or individuals that have not obtained a Manufacturing Permit but
intend to manufacture civil aircraft as a result of special needs shall
apply to the CAAC for approval. Civil aircraft manufactured in accordance
with the provision in the preceding paragraph shall be examined one by one
and only after each of them is proved to be up to standard shall an
Airworthiness Certificate be issued.
Article 9
Civil aircraft may engage in flight operations only when they have
possessed an Airworthiness Certificate issued by the CAAC.
The Airworthiness Certificate issued by the CAAC shall specify the type(s)
of activities the aircraft is (are) good for, the period of validity of
the Certificate, and other conditions and restrictions required for
ensuring safety.
Article 10
If civil aircraft manufactured by units possessing a Civil Aircraft
Manufacturing Permit are to be exported as approved by the competent
authorities under the State Council, the Airworthiness Certificate for
Export shall be issued by the CAAC.
Article 11
Civil aircraft that are to fly within the People's Republic of China must
possess Nationality Registration Certificates. Civil aircraft that have
been registered in the People's Republic of China shall bear the
nationality of the People's Republic of China and shall be issued
Nationality Registration Certificate by the CAAC. Civil aircraft shall,
after obtaining a Nationality Registration Certificate, stencil on their
outer surface the identification marks of nationality registration in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 12
Where any units or individuals of the People's Republic of China intend to
import any model of civil aircraft manufactured in foreign countries, and
if it is imported for the first time and to be used for civil aviation
activities, the units or individuals exporting that civil aircraft shall
apply to the CAAC for examination of the model. The CAAC shall, upon
receipt of the application, conduct the examination of the model of the
civil aircraft in accordance with the relevant provisions. If the model is
proved to be up to standard, a Certificate for Model Approval shall be
issued to permit the import.
Article 13
A foreign civil aircraft leased by any unit or individual of the People's
Republic of China may engage in flight operations only after the CAAC has
examined and approved the airworthiness certificate issued by the country
of registry of the said aircraft or only after the CAAC has issued a new
Airworthiness Certificate to the aircraft.
Article 14
Any units or individuals that have obtained Airworthiness Certificates for
their civil aircraft shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of
the CAAC and its mandates of airworthiness, use and maintain the said
civil aircraft and ensure that they are in a state of permanent
airworthiness.
Article 15
The addition or modification of a civil aircraft for which an
Airworthiness Certificate has been obtained shall be subject to the
approval of the CAAC and the essential components and accessories involved
shall be subject to the examination and approval of the CAAC.
Article 16
Any maintenance units or individuals inside or outside the People's
Republic of China that intend to undertake maintenance services for civil
aircraft registered in the People's Republic of China shall apply to the
CAAC for a Maintenance Permit. Only after the CAAC has examined their
maintenance facilities, technical personnel and quality control system,
found them up to standard and issued a Maintenance Permit may they engage
in the maintenance business activities within the scope approved.
Article 17
Maintenance technical personnel in charge of maintaining and releasing
civil aircraft registered in the People's Republic of China shall apply to
the CAAC and only after the CAAC or a unit authorized by the CAAC has
examined them and found them qualified and they have thus obtained a
Maintenance Personnel Licence or a similar certificate may they engage in
the maintenance and release of civil aircraft.
Article 18
Fees shall be charged for the examination of the airworthiness of a civil
aircraft. The amounts to be charged and relevant procedures for charging
shall be set by the CAAC in conjunction with the Ministry of Finance.
Article 19
The CAAC shall have the right to examine regularly or selectively the
units or individuals that manufacture, use or maintain civil aircraft, as
well as the civil aircraft for which Airworthiness Certificates have been
obtained. If they fail to pass the examination or selective examination,
the CAAC shall impose penalties on them in accordance with the relevant
provisions of these Regulations and may, in addition to that, revoke their
relevant documents.
Article 20
If any units or individuals that use civil aircraft for flight activities
are found in any one of the following circumstances, the CAAC shall have
the right to order them to suspend flight and impose a fine on them in
accordance with the seriousness of the case:
1. no Airworthiness Certificate has been obtained for the civil aircraft;
2. the Airworthiness Certificate of the civil aircraft has expired; or
3. the civil aircraft has been used beyond the scope prescribed in the
Airworthiness Certificate.
Article 21
If any units or individuals that maintain civil aircraft are found in any
of the following circumstances, the CAAC shall have the right to order
them to suspend the maintenance business or revoke their Maintenance
Permit and impose a fine on them in accordance with the seriousness of
case:
1. no Maintenance Permit has been obtained and yet maintenance business
has been procured without authorization;
2. maintenance business has been undertaken beyond the business scope
prescribed in the Maintenance Permit; or
3. personnel who have not obtained a Maintenance Personnel Licence have
been put in charge of the maintenance and release of civil aircraft.
Article 22
If any units or individuals, in violation of the provisions in Article 7
of these Regulations, manufacture civil aircraft without authorization,
the CAAC shall have the right to order them to suspend the manufacturing
and impose a fine on them in accordance with the seriousness of the case.
Article 23
The superior competent authorities in charge of the penalized units in
accordance with these Regulations shall, based on the proposal of the
CAAC, subject the principal persons in charge of the penalized units or
other persons directly responsible to administrative sanctions. If the
case is so serious as to constitute a crime, criminal liabilities shall be
investigated by the judicial organs in accordance with the law.
Article 24
If accidental death or bodily injury or heavy losses in property have
occurred as a result of negligence in the work of airworthiness
administration, the CAAC shall assume the liability for damages and
subject the persons directly responsible to administrative sanctions. If
the act of the persons directly responsible constitutes a crime, the
judicial organs shall investigate their criminal liabilities in accordance
with the law.
Article 25
The CAAC personnel engaged in airworthiness administration who take
advantage of their positions and powers to seek personal gains and graft
and corruption shall be subjected to administrative sanctions. If the case
is so serious as to constitute a crime, criminal liabilities shall be
investigated by the judicial organs in accordance with the law.
Article 26
Any units or individuals that do not accept the decision of the CAAC
concerning the imposition of a fine may, within 15 days of receipt of the
notice of the fine, apply to the CAAC for reconsideration or directly file
a suit with a people's court. If no application for reconsideration is
submitted or no suit is filed and yet the decision has not been executed
at the expiry of the prescribed period of time, the CAAC may apply to the
people's court for the enforcement of the decision.
Article 27
The CAAC shall, on the basis of the opinions widely solicited from the
Ministry of Aeronautic Industry and the various departments concerned,
formulate the rules for the implementation of these Regulations and the
relevant technical standards.
Article 28
The CAAC shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Regulations.
Article 29
These Regulations shall become effective as of June 1, 1987.
黄奕新
一、问题
甲公司的分公司A，作为建设单位，与作为施工单位的乙公司的分公司B，签定建设施工合同，后在合同效力或履行上发生争执，建设方欲起诉施工方。问：双方的当事人及诉讼请求，应当如何列明及表述？
二、分析
本文的“分公司”是指按照公司法第十四条规定，由公司设立的、依法向公司登记机关申请登记并领取营业执照的非法人其他组织。实践中，有些分公司，名为分公司，却没有经依法登记并领取营业执照；而另有些分公司，名为分公司，却领取有企业法人营业执照，如某某此国有企业的全资子公司，均非本文所谓分公司。
本文的“当事人能力”是指依法能够担当诉讼当事人(原告、被告或第三人)、并享有诉讼权利或承担诉讼义务的资格。
本案诉讼的标的应定为：施工合同关系项下之权利和义务。
笔者首先认为，分公司，只要具备公司法上分公司的资质，其都具有与公司平等的民事主体和诉讼当事人地位，而不问其民事责任是否最终由公司承担，也不问分公司与总公司内部行政隶属和管理关系如何。
（一）甲方如主张乙公司为施工合同当事人有利于原告并有确实充分证据，可将乙公司列为第一被告，并列其分公司B为第二被告。
本案中，B分公司与A分公司签订施工合同，如有经乙公司授权，甲方如有确实充分证据证据其是基于对乙公司为合同相对人的信赖基础上，与B分公司签订并履行施工合同，甲方则可主张乙公司乃实际承包人，列其乙公司为被告，提起给付之诉（也可能并有施工合同效力的确认之诉），自不当言。
而列B分公司为共同被告的法理依据在于：首先，其为施工合同的名义承包人，可能会对本案诉讼标的主张有独立的请求权。因为实际经济活动中，分公司往往是承包出去的，公司往往只是基于“出借”或“出租”资质的利益考虑，公司与分公司的关系，并非像法律所期待的那种内设机构的状态，而是分属不同甚至对立的利益体。其次，不论其是否主张，原告应当让其参加诉讼，使其其辩论的机会，否则，原告对乙公司诉讼的裁判的效力，将无法及于B分公司，B分公司将可能另行以自己名义提起诉讼，这对原告将是讼累。
应当指出的是，原告对B分公司的诉讼，实际上属对本案诉讼标的（施工合同关系项下之权利和义务）归属的确认之诉。由于这一诉讼与上述乙公司的诉讼，本于同一施工合同之事实，故可以合并。
那么，本案诉讼请求得表述为：
（1）确认本案施工合同的实际承包人为乙公司而非其分公司B。
（2）确认施工合同有效或无效。
（3）乙公司给付原告。。。。。。。
（二）甲方如主张B分公司为施工合同当事人有利于原告，可将B分公司列为第一被告，并列乙公司为第二被告。
B分公司为讼争合同的签约人，列其为被告，自不当言。
而列乙公司为共同被告的法理依据在于：首先，根据公司法的第14条（旧公司法为第13条）规定，分公司不具有法人资格，其民事责任由公司承担。对公司的诉讼，不是基于施工合同，而是基于公司法上的诉因。避免裁判生效后还要申请追加执行总公司。2、在有的情形下，乙公司也可能选择主张其是实际承包人，分公司也可能选择主张其只是名义承包人。因为，如前所述，实际经济活动中，分公司往往是承包出去的，公司往往只是基于“出借”或“出租”资质的利益考虑，公司与分公司的关系，并非像法律所期待的那种内设机构的状态，而是分属不同甚至对立的利益体。其次，令乙公司参加诉讼，使其有辩论的机会，这样，对施工合同关系裁判的效力将及于乙公司，避免乙公司另行以自己名义提起诉讼。
在这一问题上，最高人民法院民二庭吴庆宝法官曾认为，“在小额诉讼中，尽管分公司为被告，只要得到公司的授权或者认可，分公司管理的财产又足以承担民事责任时，不需将公司列为共同被告。只有当债权数额巨大或者较大时分公司管理的财产不足以承担民事责任，或者所产生的争议较为复杂，超出了分公司处置的权限时，应当将公司列为共同被告。除小额诉讼案件之外，分公司应将公司章程以及对公司授权的额度、权限范围向人民法院提交证据以便人民法院对是否追加公司为共同被告做出适当的选择。”笔者不赞同这种观点，因为既然公司法上述规定并没有附加有关诉讼标的金额方面的限制，是否选择在诉讼阶段就向乙公司主张权利，就应当属于原告的诉讼权利（虽然原告如不在诉讼阶段提起，在裁判生效后仍可申请追加执行）。至于，乙公司如认为小额诉讼无关紧要，或信任其分公司B，可以选择不进行答辩和出庭辩论。只有在原告不列总公司为被告下，分公司才有权“将公司章程以及对公司授权的额度、权限范围向人民法院提交证据”申请追加总公司为被告，申请追加是分公司B的诉讼权利而非义务。况且，在实在法依据方面，吴庆宝法官的这一观点应当是在新公司法出台前，新公司法在这点上仍坚持原来的表述，并没有附加任何限制条件，这也说明，吴庆宝法官的观点并没被新公司法为采纳，至少是没有被其明确采纳。
吴庆宝法官还认为，“在将公司列为共同被告时应当考虑只要合同是由分公司签定的，或者侵害后果是由分公司工作人员在履行职务时造成的，就应当首先判定分公司以其经营管理的公司资产承担民事责任，并判决由公司对分公司所造成的民事后果共同承担民事责任，而不是一种补充性的民事责任。”在这点，笔者完全赞同。分公司不具有法人资格，公司应对其债务承担无限连带责任。如认补充责任，实际上限制了总公司的责任范围，侵害了原告的利益。而且强制执行时，不好认定分公司是否无财产可供执行。此外，在实在法依据方面，虽然最高人民法院关于企业法人的一个分支机构已无财产法院能否执行该企业法人其他分支机构财产问题的复函，有补充责任的精神，但这一复函已被废止，这也佐证了吴庆宝法官和笔者的观点。
那么，本案诉讼请求得表述为：
（1）确认施工合同有效或无效。
（2）B分公司给付原告。。。。。。。
（3）乙公司对上述给付共同承担责任。
（三）实务中的变通处理方法
实践中，原告出于对分公司资信和偿债能力的担忧，往往希望列公司为被告。但，原告如无确实充分证据以资认定施工合同的签订和履行是基于乙公司的授权，并且原告是基于此种信赖才与B分公司签订和履行施工合同，原告如以本文第（一）方面所述，列明被告和表述诉讼请求，则有可能被法院驳回起诉或诉讼请求的可能，届时虽然可以对B分公司和乙公司，按本文第（二）方面列明被告和表述诉讼请求，另行提起诉讼，但造成讼累，并有时效风险。故为避免诉讼风险，原告可以考虑对诉讼请求，不作上述明确的区分，而笼统地表述为：
（一）确认施工合同有效或无效。
（二）总公司与分公司共同给付原告。。。。。
在诉讼过程中，待法官对法律关系的性质认定后，再适时变更。
（四）关于原告的资格
A分公司是施工合同的签约人，如在合同履行中也实际给付或受领了相对人的给付，应当认为其具有本案诉讼利益，可以单独作为原告走诉。至于甲公司是否共同起诉，由其自行决定。被告可以申请法院通知甲公司，要求其就是否作为原告参加诉讼，书面声明。甲公司选择不参加的，应在裁判中述明。则本案裁判的效力将及于甲公司，甲公司不得事后另行起诉。
同时，要注意，公司法第十四条的规定，分公司不具有法人资格，其民事责任由公司承担。该条虽只规定责任，但依权利义务相一致的通理，也可以自然推出，分公司的民事权利由公司享有。其次，根据判决既判力扩张的原理，A分公司属为甲公司而为原告，A公司与被告方的确定判决，对于甲公司亦有效力。甲公司即使未选择参加诉讼，亦可直接以自己名义申请强制执行该判决，被告方对其清偿的，同时免除对A分公司的债务。（参见台湾地区民事诉讼法第401条：确定判决，除当事人外，对于诉讼系属后为当事人之继受人者，及为当事人或其继受人占有请求之标的物者，亦有效力。对于为他人而为原告或被告者之确定判决，对于该他人亦有效力。台湾地区强制执行法第4-2条：执行名义为确定终局判决者，除当事人外，对于左列之人亦有效力：一、诉讼系属后为当事人之继受人及为当事人或其继受人占有请求之标的物者。二、为他人而为原告或被告者之该他人及诉讼系属后为该他人之继受人，及为该他人或其继受人占有请求之标的物者。）
作者单位：福建省高级人民法院
中华人民共和国民用航空器适航管理条例(附英文)
中华人民共和国民用航空器适航管理条例(附英文)
1987年5月4日，国务院
第一条 为保障民用航空安全，维护公众利益，促进民用航空事业的发展，特制定本条例。
第二条 在中华人民共和国境内从事民用航空器（含航空发动机和螺旋桨，下同）的设计、生产、使用和维修的单位或者个人，向中华人民共和国出口民用航空器的单位或者个人，以及在中华人民共和国境外维修在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器的单位或者个人，均须遵守本条例。
第三条 民用航空器的适航管理，是根据国家的有关规定，对民用航空器的设计、生产、使用和维修，实施以确保飞行安全为目的的技术鉴定和监督。
第四条 民用航空器的适航管理由中国民用航空局（以下简称民航局）负责。
第五条 民用航空器的适航管理，必须执行规定的适航标准和程序。
第六条 任何单位或者个人设计民用航空器，应当持航空工业部对该设计项目的审核批准文件，向民航局申请型号合格证。民航局接受型号合格证申请后，应当按照规定进行型号合格审定；审定合格的，颁发型号合格证。
第七条 任何单位或者个人生产民用航空器，应当具有必要的生产能力，并应当持本条例第六条规定的型号合格证，经航空工业部同意后，向民航局申请生产许可证。民航局接受生产许可证申请后，应当按照规定进行生产许可审定；审定合格的，颁发生产许可证，并按照规定颁发适航证。
任何单位或者个人未按照前款规定取得生产许可证的，均不得生产民用航空器。但本条例第八条规定的除外。
第八条 任何单位或者个人未取得生产许可证，但因特殊需要，申请生产民用航空器的，须经民航局批准。
按照前款规定生产的民用航空器，须经民航局逐一审查合格后，颁发适航证。
第九条 民用航空器必须具有民航局颁发的适航证，方可飞行。
民航局颁发的适航证应当规定该民用航空器所适用的活动类别、证书的有效期限及安全所需的其他条件和限制。
第十条 持有民用航空器生产许可证的单位生产的民用航空器，经国务院有关主管部门批准需要出口时，由民航局签发出口适航证。
第十一条 在中华人民共和国境内飞行的民用航空器必须具有国籍登记证。在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器，具有中华人民共和国国籍，国籍登记证由民航局颁发。民用航空器取得国籍登记证后，必须按照规定在该民用航空器的外表标明国籍登记识别标志。
第十二条 中华人民共和国的任何单位或者个人进口外国生产的任何型号的民用航空器，如系首次进口并用于民用航空活动时，出口民用航空器的单位或者个人必须向民航局申请型号审查。民航局接受申请后，应当按照规定对该型号民用航空器进行型号审查；审查合格的，颁发准予进口的型号认可证书。
第十三条 中华人民共和国的任何单位或者个人租用的外国民用航空器，必须经民航局对其原登记国颁发的适航证审查认可或者另行颁发适航证后，方可飞行。
第十四条 任何单位或者个人的民用航空器取得适航证以后，必须按照民航局的有关规定和适航指令，使用和维修民用航空器，保证其始终处于持续适航状态。
第十五条 加装或者改装已取得适航证的民用航空器，必须经民航局批准，涉及的重要部件、附件必须经民航局审定。
第十六条 中华人民共和国境内和境外任何维修单位或者个人，承担在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器的维修业务的，必须向民航局申请维修许可证，经民航局对其维修设施、技术人员、质量管理系统审查合格，并颁发维修许可证后，方可从事批准范围内的维修业务活动。
第十七条 负责维修并放行在中华人民共和国注册登记的民用航空器的维修技术人员，必须向民航局提出申请，经民航局或者其授权单位考核合格并取得维修人员执照或者相应的证明文件后，方可从事民用航空器的维修并放行工作。
第十八条 民用航空器的适航审查应当收取费用。收费办法由民航局会同财政部制定。
第十九条 民航局有权对生产、使用、维修民用航空器的单位或者个人以及取得适航证的民用航空器进行定期检查或者抽查；经检查与抽查不合格的，民航局除按照本条例的有关规定对其处罚外，还可吊销其有关证件。
第二十条 使用民用航空器进行飞行活动的任何单位或者个人有下列情形之一的，民航局有权责令其停止飞行，并视情节轻重，处以罚款：
一、民用航空器未取得适航证的；
二、民用航空器适航证已经失效的；
三、使用民用航空器超越适航证规定范围的。
第二十一条 维修民用航空器的单位或者个人，有下列情形之一的，民航局有权责令其停止维修业务或者吊销其维修许可证，并视情节轻重，处以罚款：
一、未取得维修许可证，擅自承接维修业务的；
二、超过维修许可证规定的业务范围，承接维修业务的；
三、由未取得维修人员执照的人员负责民用航空器的维修并放行的。
第二十二条 任何单位或者个人违反本条例第七条规定，擅自生产民用航空器的，民航局有权责令其停止生产，并视情节轻重，处以罚款。
第二十三条 按照本条例受到处罚的单位的上级主管机关，应当根据民航局的建议对受罚单位的主要负责人或者直接责任人员给予行政处分；情节严重，构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十四条 民航局因适航管理工作的过失造成人身伤亡或者重大财产损失的，应当承担赔偿责任，并对直接责任人员给予行政处分；直接责任人员的行为构成犯罪的，由司法机关依追究刑事责任。
第二十五条 民航局从事适航管理的工作人员，利用职务之便营私舞弊的，应当给予行政处分；情节严重，构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十六条 任何单位或者个人对民航局作出的罚款决定不服的，可以在接到罚款通知书之日起十五日内向民航局提请复议，也可以直接向人民法院起诉；期满不提请复议也不起诉又不执行的，民航局可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十七条 民航局应当在广泛征求航空工业部及各有关部门意见的基础上，制定本条例的实施细则及有关技术标准。
第二十八条 本条例由民航局负责解释。
第二十九条 本条例自一九八七年六月一日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE ADMINISTRA-TION OF THE AIRWORTHINESS OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE ADMINISTRA-
TION OF THE AIRWORTHINESS OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT
(Promulgated by the State Council on May 4, 1987)
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of ensuring safety in
civil aviation, protecting public interests and promoting the development
of civil aviation undertakings.
Article 2
All units or individuals that are engaged in the designing, manufacturing,
use and maintenance of civil aircraft (including aircraft engines and
propellers, and the same hereinafter) within the People's Republic of
China, all units or individuals that export civil aircraft to the People's
Republic of China, and all units or individuals that perform outside the
People's Republic of China maintenance services to aircraft registered in
the People's Republic of China shall abide by these Regulations.
Article 3
The administration of the airworthiness of civil aircraft denotes the
technical appraisal and supervision exercised in accordance with the
pertinent provisions of the State over the designing, manufacturing, use
and maintenance of civil aircraft for the purpose of ensuring safety in
flight.
Article 4
The Civil Aviation Administration of China (hereinafter referred to as the
"CAAC") shall be responsible for the administration of the airworthiness
of civil aircraft.
Article 5
The administration of the airworthiness of civil aircraft shall be
exercised in accordance with the prescribed airworthiness criteria and
procedures.
Article 6
Any units or individuals that intend to design civil aircraft shall, on
the strength of the document issued by the Ministry of Aeronautic Industry
for the examination and approval of the design project, apply to the CAAC
for a Certificate of Up-to-Standard Model. The CAAC shall, after receipt
of the application therefor, conduct the examination and appraisal, in
accordance with the relevant provisions, as to whether the model to be
designed is up to standard and, if the model is proved to be up to
standard, a Certificate of Up-to-Standard Model shall be issued.
Article 7
Any units or individuals that intend to manufacture civil aircraft shall
have the necessary manufacturing capacity and shall, on the strength of
the Certificate of Up-to-Standard Model as prescribed in Article 6 of
these Regulations and with the consent of the Ministry of Aeronautic
Industry, apply to the CAAC for a Manufacturing Permit. The CAAC shall,
after receipt of the application therefor, conduct examination and
appraisal, in accordance with the relevant provisions, as to whether the
applicants are qualified to obtain a Manufacturing Permit, if they are
proved to be qualified, a Manufacturing Permit shall be issued to them,
together with an Airworthiness Certificate to be issued in accordance with
the relevant provisions.
No units or individuals that have not obtained a Manufacturing Permit in
accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph may manufacture
civil aircraft, except as otherwise prescribed in the provisions of
Article 8 of these Regulations.
Article 8
Any units or individuals that have not obtained a Manufacturing Permit but
intend to manufacture civil aircraft as a result of special needs shall
apply to the CAAC for approval. Civil aircraft manufactured in accordance
with the provision in the preceding paragraph shall be examined one by one
and only after each of them is proved to be up to standard shall an
Airworthiness Certificate be issued.
Article 9
Civil aircraft may engage in flight operations only when they have
possessed an Airworthiness Certificate issued by the CAAC.
The Airworthiness Certificate issued by the CAAC shall specify the type(s)
of activities the aircraft is (are) good for, the period of validity of
the Certificate, and other conditions and restrictions required for
ensuring safety.
Article 10
If civil aircraft manufactured by units possessing a Civil Aircraft
Manufacturing Permit are to be exported as approved by the competent
authorities under the State Council, the Airworthiness Certificate for
Export shall be issued by the CAAC.
Article 11
Civil aircraft that are to fly within the People's Republic of China must
possess Nationality Registration Certificates. Civil aircraft that have
been registered in the People's Republic of China shall bear the
nationality of the People's Republic of China and shall be issued
Nationality Registration Certificate by the CAAC. Civil aircraft shall,
after obtaining a Nationality Registration Certificate, stencil on their
outer surface the identification marks of nationality registration in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 12
Where any units or individuals of the People's Republic of China intend to
import any model of civil aircraft manufactured in foreign countries, and
if it is imported for the first time and to be used for civil aviation
activities, the units or individuals exporting that civil aircraft shall
apply to the CAAC for examination of the model. The CAAC shall, upon
receipt of the application, conduct the examination of the model of the
civil aircraft in accordance with the relevant provisions. If the model is
proved to be up to standard, a Certificate for Model Approval shall be
issued to permit the import.
Article 13
A foreign civil aircraft leased by any unit or individual of the People's
Republic of China may engage in flight operations only after the CAAC has
examined and approved the airworthiness certificate issued by the country
of registry of the said aircraft or only after the CAAC has issued a new
Airworthiness Certificate to the aircraft.
Article 14
Any units or individuals that have obtained Airworthiness Certificates for
their civil aircraft shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of
the CAAC and its mandates of airworthiness, use and maintain the said
civil aircraft and ensure that they are in a state of permanent
airworthiness.
Article 15
The addition or modification of a civil aircraft for which an
Airworthiness Certificate has been obtained shall be subject to the
approval of the CAAC and the essential components and accessories involved
shall be subject to the examination and approval of the CAAC.
Article 16
Any maintenance units or individuals inside or outside the People's
Republic of China that intend to undertake maintenance services for civil
aircraft registered in the People's Republic of China shall apply to the
CAAC for a Maintenance Permit. Only after the CAAC has examined their
maintenance facilities, technical personnel and quality control system,
found them up to standard and issued a Maintenance Permit may they engage
in the maintenance business activities within the scope approved.
Article 17
Maintenance technical personnel in charge of maintaining and releasing
civil aircraft registered in the People's Republic of China shall apply to
the CAAC and only after the CAAC or a unit authorized by the CAAC has
examined them and found them qualified and they have thus obtained a
Maintenance Personnel Licence or a similar certificate may they engage in
the maintenance and release of civil aircraft.
Article 18
Fees shall be charged for the examination of the airworthiness of a civil
aircraft. The amounts to be charged and relevant procedures for charging
shall be set by the CAAC in conjunction with the Ministry of Finance.
Article 19
The CAAC shall have the right to examine regularly or selectively the
units or individuals that manufacture, use or maintain civil aircraft, as
well as the civil aircraft for which Airworthiness Certificates have been
obtained. If they fail to pass the examination or selective examination,
the CAAC shall impose penalties on them in accordance with the relevant
provisions of these Regulations and may, in addition to that, revoke their
relevant documents.
Article 20
If any units or individuals that use civil aircraft for flight activities
are found in any one of the following circumstances, the CAAC shall have
the right to order them to suspend flight and impose a fine on them in
accordance with the seriousness of the case:
1. no Airworthiness Certificate has been obtained for the civil aircraft;
2. the Airworthiness Certificate of the civil aircraft has expired; or
3. the civil aircraft has been used beyond the scope prescribed in the
Airworthiness Certificate.
Article 21
If any units or individuals that maintain civil aircraft are found in any
of the following circumstances, the CAAC shall have the right to order
them to suspend the maintenance business or revoke their Maintenance
Permit and impose a fine on them in accordance with the seriousness of
case:
1. no Maintenance Permit has been obtained and yet maintenance business
has been procured without authorization;
2. maintenance business has been undertaken beyond the business scope
prescribed in the Maintenance Permit; or
3. personnel who have not obtained a Maintenance Personnel Licence have
been put in charge of the maintenance and release of civil aircraft.
Article 22
If any units or individuals, in violation of the provisions in Article 7
of these Regulations, manufacture civil aircraft without authorization,
the CAAC shall have the right to order them to suspend the manufacturing
and impose a fine on them in accordance with the seriousness of the case.
Article 23
The superior competent authorities in charge of the penalized units in
accordance with these Regulations shall, based on the proposal of the
CAAC, subject the principal persons in charge of the penalized units or
other persons directly responsible to administrative sanctions. If the
case is so serious as to constitute a crime, criminal liabilities shall be
investigated by the judicial organs in accordance with the law.
Article 24
If accidental death or bodily injury or heavy losses in property have
occurred as a result of negligence in the work of airworthiness
administration, the CAAC shall assume the liability for damages and
subject the persons directly responsible to administrative sanctions. If
the act of the persons directly responsible constitutes a crime, the
judicial organs shall investigate their criminal liabilities in accordance
with the law.
Article 25
The CAAC personnel engaged in airworthiness administration who take
advantage of their positions and powers to seek personal gains and graft
and corruption shall be subjected to administrative sanctions. If the case
is so serious as to constitute a crime, criminal liabilities shall be
investigated by the judicial organs in accordance with the law.
Article 26
Any units or individuals that do not accept the decision of the CAAC
concerning the imposition of a fine may, within 15 days of receipt of the
notice of the fine, apply to the CAAC for reconsideration or directly file
a suit with a people's court. If no application for reconsideration is
submitted or no suit is filed and yet the decision has not been executed
at the expiry of the prescribed period of time, the CAAC may apply to the
people's court for the enforcement of the decision.
Article 27
The CAAC shall, on the basis of the opinions widely solicited from the
Ministry of Aeronautic Industry and the various departments concerned,
formulate the rules for the implementation of these Regulations and the
relevant technical standards.
Article 28
The CAAC shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Regulations.
Article 29
These Regulations shall become effective as of June 1, 1987.
